El Golfo de California en su totalidad como aguas interiores o territoriales mexicanas
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Date
2018
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Revista del Centro de Estudios Superiores Navales
Abstract
El Golfo de California como uno de los accidentes geográficos del Océano Pacífico que se interna en el territorio nacional, goza de características muy peculiares que lo definen como un mar cerrado. Sin embargo, gran parte de la superficie de este espacio marino forma parte de la Zona Económica Exclusiva sin ser parte del territorio nacional, desde su boca situada entre Punta Arena, Baja California Sur, y Altata, Sinaloa, hasta la región de las grandes islas conformada por las islas Tiburón, San Esteban y San Lorenzo. No obstante, el Derecho Internacional Marítimo permite a los Estados definir sus límites territoriales legalmente a través de la Convención del Mar. El caso del Golfo de California, por sus características geográficas, físicas, históricas, sociales y económicas, entre otras, cumple con todos los elementos para formar parte del territorio nacional aplicando el régimen de las aguas interiores al declararlo como «Golfo o Bahía Histórica».
En el presente artículo, donde parte de su contenido fue tratado en un trabajo de investigación tipo tesis elaborado por el suscrito, se analizaron las características del Golfo de California, así como la legislación nacional e internacional involucrada; identificando los elementos necesarios para crear o adecuar una base jurídica legal que apoye futuras gestiones para la delimitación de este espacio marino ante la Organización de las Naciones Unidas y con el consentimiento de la comunidad internacional.
Para ello, también es necesario reestructurar los preceptos legales de nuestro país que se refieren al territorio y principalmente al mar, por lo que, este trabajo propone las reformas correspondientes de los artículos 27, 42 y 48 de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, así como el y 36 de la Ley Federal del Mar. Finalmente, se recomienda realizar las gestiones diplomáticas correspondientes para insertar al Golfo de California en toda su extensión como parte integral del territorio nacional.
The Gulf of California, as one of the geographical features of the Pacific Ocean that enters the national territory, enjoys very peculiar characteristics that define it as a closed sea. However, much of the surface of this marine space is part of the Exclusive Economic Zone without being part of the national territory, from its mouth located between Punta Arena, Baja California Sur and Altata, Sinaloa, to the region of the large islands formed for the islands Tiburon, San Esteban and San Lorenzo. However, the International Maritime Law allows States to define their territorial limits legally through the Convention on the Law of the sea. The case of the Gulf of California for its geographical, physical, historical, social and economic characteristics, among others, complies with all the elements to form part of the national territory by applying the regime of internal waters to declare it as «Gulf or historic bay». In this article, where part of its content was treated in a thesis-type research paper prepared by the undersigned, the characteristics of the Gulf of California were analyzed, as well as the national and international legislation involved; identifying the necessary elements to create or adapt a legal legal basis to support future efforts for the delimitation of this marine space before the United Nations Organization and with the consent of the international community. For this, it is also necessary to restructure the legal precepts of our country that refer to the territory and mainly to the sea, so, this work proposes the corresponding reforms of Articles 27, 42 and 48 of the Constitution, and 36 of the Federal Law of the Sea. Finally, it is recommended to carry out the corresponding diplomatic steps to insert the Gulf of California in its entirety as an integral part of the national territory.
The Gulf of California, as one of the geographical features of the Pacific Ocean that enters the national territory, enjoys very peculiar characteristics that define it as a closed sea. However, much of the surface of this marine space is part of the Exclusive Economic Zone without being part of the national territory, from its mouth located between Punta Arena, Baja California Sur and Altata, Sinaloa, to the region of the large islands formed for the islands Tiburon, San Esteban and San Lorenzo. However, the International Maritime Law allows States to define their territorial limits legally through the Convention on the Law of the sea. The case of the Gulf of California for its geographical, physical, historical, social and economic characteristics, among others, complies with all the elements to form part of the national territory by applying the regime of internal waters to declare it as «Gulf or historic bay». In this article, where part of its content was treated in a thesis-type research paper prepared by the undersigned, the characteristics of the Gulf of California were analyzed, as well as the national and international legislation involved; identifying the necessary elements to create or adapt a legal legal basis to support future efforts for the delimitation of this marine space before the United Nations Organization and with the consent of the international community. For this, it is also necessary to restructure the legal precepts of our country that refer to the territory and mainly to the sea, so, this work proposes the corresponding reforms of Articles 27, 42 and 48 of the Constitution, and 36 of the Federal Law of the Sea. Finally, it is recommended to carry out the corresponding diplomatic steps to insert the Gulf of California in its entirety as an integral part of the national territory.
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Keywords
Golfo de California, Mar de Cortés, Golfo o bahía histórica, Aguas interiores, Mar territorial, CONVEMAR, Gulf of California, Sea of Cortez, Gulf or historic bay, Inland waters, Territorial sea, UNCLOS