Evolución de la seguridad y la defensa nacional; desde el arte de la guerra hasta las concepciones de paz y globalización
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Date
2019
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Revista del Centro de Estudios Superiores Navales
Abstract
La conceptualización de la seguridad y la defensa nacional descansa en el concepto de Estadonación, por tanto, en el estricto sentido su establecimiento y evolución deben coincidir con el surgimiento de los Estados-nación en la Paz de Westfalia. Sin embargo, el testimonio de su construcción, evolución y bases de estudio tienen su inicio en las primeras batallas antiguas, El Arte de la Guerra y el nacimiento de la teoría del Estado, que nos otorgan los registros de combates en el Antiguo Egipto, las aproximaciones del concepto de Estado de Sócrates y Aristóteles, y el Arte de la Guerra de Sun Tzu, todos ellos cronológicamente posicionados antes del nacimiento de Cristo. Con el tiempo y con la propia evolución de la organización de las sociedades, el pensamiento militar y la teoría de Estado van adquiriendo más ingredientes o componentes conceptuales como el nacionalismo, el ejército ciudadano, el contrato social, la economía, y la tecnología armamentista. Así surge, en la Edad Media Nicolás Maquiavelo que no solo presentó los cimientos del pensamiento militar y político moderno sino que logró la convergencia de la ciencia y arte de la guerra con la teoría de Estado, con lo que, de acuerdo al presente estudio es posible situar en ese punto el precepto teórico de lo que posteriormente podrá ser denominado seguridad y defensa nacional. El presente estudio pretende presentar una aproximación referida al avance conceptual de la seguridad y defensa nacional desde el origen comentado, en su tránsito por sus diversas transformaciones y desarrollo hasta la actualidad en que se presentan aproximaciones menos inclinadas al componente militar y más holísticas que permiten su comprensión y su estudio aun desde la complejidad que representan.
Conceptualization of national security and defense rests on the concept of Nation-State, therefore, in the strict sense its establishment and evolution must coincide with the emergence of Nation-States in the Peace of Westphalia. However, the testimony of its construction, evolution and bases of study have its beginning in the first ancient battles, The Art of War and the birth of the theory of the State, that are given to us through the records of combats in Ancient Egypt, approximations of the concept of State by Socrates and Aristotle, and The Art of War of Sun Tzu, all of them chronologically positioned before the birth of Christ. Over time and with the evolution of the organization of societies, military thinking and the theory of State are acquiring more ingredients or conceptual components such as nationalism, the citizen army, the social contract, the economy, and armament technology. Thus arises, in the Middle Ages, Niccolò Machiavelli who not only presented the foundations of modern military and political thought, but also achieved the convergence of the science and art of war with the theory of State, with what, according to the present study, It is possible to place at that point the theoretical precept of what can later be called national security and defense. The present study intends to present an approach referred to the conceptual advance of national security and defense, from its aforementioned origin, in its transition through its various transformations and development up to the present in which approaches less inclined to the military component and more holistic are presented, that allow its understanding and its study even from the complexity they represent.
Conceptualization of national security and defense rests on the concept of Nation-State, therefore, in the strict sense its establishment and evolution must coincide with the emergence of Nation-States in the Peace of Westphalia. However, the testimony of its construction, evolution and bases of study have its beginning in the first ancient battles, The Art of War and the birth of the theory of the State, that are given to us through the records of combats in Ancient Egypt, approximations of the concept of State by Socrates and Aristotle, and The Art of War of Sun Tzu, all of them chronologically positioned before the birth of Christ. Over time and with the evolution of the organization of societies, military thinking and the theory of State are acquiring more ingredients or conceptual components such as nationalism, the citizen army, the social contract, the economy, and armament technology. Thus arises, in the Middle Ages, Niccolò Machiavelli who not only presented the foundations of modern military and political thought, but also achieved the convergence of the science and art of war with the theory of State, with what, according to the present study, It is possible to place at that point the theoretical precept of what can later be called national security and defense. The present study intends to present an approach referred to the conceptual advance of national security and defense, from its aforementioned origin, in its transition through its various transformations and development up to the present in which approaches less inclined to the military component and more holistic are presented, that allow its understanding and its study even from the complexity they represent.
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Keywords
seguridad nacional, defensa nacional, estudios de paz, seguridad humana, globalización, national security, national defense, peace studies, human safety, globalization